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Avesta
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Avesta

The Avesta is the scripture of Zoroastrianism which developed from an oral tradition founded by the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra, Zartosht) sometime between c. 1500-1000 BCE. The title is generally accepted as meaning “praise”, though this...
Zoroastrian Towers of Silence in Yazd
Image by Carole Raddato

Zoroastrian Towers of Silence in Yazd

The Towers of Silence were used in Zoroastrianism. In the Zoroastrian tradition, corpses were left out exposed to the elements on structures commonly called Towers of Silence to prevent them from being contaminated by demons. Once the body...
Fire Temple
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Fire Temple

Fire Temples are places of worship in the Zoroastrian religion. They were known as ataskada (“house of fire”) by the Persians but are best known today by their Greek name pyratheia (fire temple). They are thought to have originated from the...
Ancient Persian Religion
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Persian Religion

Ancient Persian religion was a polytheistic faith which corresponds roughly to what is known today as ancient Persian mythology. It first developed in the region known as Greater Iran (the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia...
Anahita
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Anahita

Anahita is the ancient Persian goddess of fertility, water, health and healing, and wisdom. Owing to her association with life-giving properties, she also came to be connected with ancient Persian warfare as soldiers would pray to her for...
Mithra
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mithra

Mithra is the Persian god of the rising sun, contracts, covenants, and friendship. He also oversaw the orderly change of the seasons, maintained cosmic order, and was responsible for bestowing divine grace on kings, legitimizing their rule...
Chinvat Bridge
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Chinvat Bridge

The Chinvat Bridge is the span between the world of the living and the afterlife in the ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism. It is also known as Cinvat Bridge, Cinvad Bridge, and Chinvato Peretav. Every soul, after death, was thought...
Ahriman
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ahriman

Ahriman is the evil spirit in Early Iranian Religion, Zoroastrianism, and Zorvanism, Lord of Darkness and Chaos, and the source of human confusion, disappointment, and strife. He is also known as Angra Mainyu (evil spirit or dark spirit...
Mongol Horseman, Yuan Tradition
Image by Princeton University Art Museum

Mongol Horseman, Yuan Tradition

A painting of a Mongol horseman attributed to Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322 CE). Made in China during the Yuan Dynasty (1260 - 1368 CE). Hanging scroll; colors on silk. Painting: 29.7 x 37 cm. (11 11/16 x 14 9/16 in.) Mount: 186.5 x 55 cm. (73...
Zorvanism
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Zorvanism

Zorvanism (also given as Zuvanism, Zurvanism) was a sect of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism which emerged in the late Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) and flourished during the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE). It is often referenced as...
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