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Council of Chalcedon
The Council of Chalcedon was called in 451 CE by the Roman Emperor Marcian (r. 450-457) to settle debates regarding the nature (hypostases, "reality") of Christ that had begun at two earlier meetings in Ephesus (431 CE and 439 CE). The question...
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The Differences Between Byzantine & Armenian Christianity
Although both the Byzantines and the Armenians were Christian, the types of Christianity they professed had important differences that led to a lack of recognition and tensions between the two groups and a considerable part of their relationship...
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Council of Chalcedon
An image showing the Council of Chalcedon painted by Vasily Surikov in 1876. Oil on Canvas. The Council of Chalcedon was called in 451 by the Roman Emperor Marcian to settle debates that had begun at two earlier meetings in Ephesus (431...
Article
The Life and Thought of Zeno of Citium in Diogenes Laertius
Zeno of Citium (c. 336 – 265 BCE) was the founder of the Stoic School of philosophy in Athens, which taught that the Logos (Universal Reason) was the greatest good in life and living in accordance with reason was the meaning of life...
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Fresco Depicting the Council of Chalcedon
An image of the fresco depicting the Council of Chalcedon that was called in 451. Created by Dionisius (1444-1502) around 1520.
Ferapontov Monastery, Ferapontovo, Vologda Oblast, Russia.
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The Beginnings of Historic Greece
The Beginnings of Historic Greece. 700 - 600 B.C.
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Christian Antisemitism in the Middle Ages & during the Reformation
Antisemitism is a modern term that describes prejudice and hostility to Jews and Judaism. The origins of Christian antisemitism in the gospels are based on the story of a 1st-century itinerant Jewish preacher, Jesus of Nazareth, in the Roman...
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The Christian Concept of Human Sexuality as Sin
In the ancient world, human sexuality was crucial for the survival of the tribe and clan as well as pleasurable, a gift from the gods. Thousands of native cults emphasized fertility through rituals and prayers, and ancient gods were depicted...
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Mavia's Revolt & the Christian Question
In 378 CE the Tanukhid queen Mavia (r. c. 375 - c. 425 CE) of the Saracens led a successful revolt against the Roman Empire, pitting her forces against the armies under the emperor Valens (364-378 CE). Launching her insurrection from the...
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Origins of Christian Antisemitism in the Gospels
Antisemitism is a modern term that describes prejudice and hostility to Jews and Judaism. The term is derived from the later social scientific categorization of the subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, and Amharic...